{"id":604,"date":"2025-09-06T08:15:02","date_gmt":"2025-09-06T08:15:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/linkcubano.com\/was-the-cuba-vs-united-states-conflict-inevitable\/"},"modified":"2025-11-05T10:44:10","modified_gmt":"2025-11-05T10:44:10","slug":"was-the-cuba-vs-united-states-conflict-inevitable","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/en\/was-the-cuba-vs-united-states-conflict-inevitable\/","title":{"rendered":"Was the Cuba vs. United States Conflict Inevitable?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cuba-usa-1024x683.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-200\" srcset=\"http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cuba-usa-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cuba-usa-300x200.jpeg 300w, http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cuba-usa-768x512.jpeg 768w, http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cuba-usa-1080x720.jpeg 1080w, http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cuba-usa.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\">For decades, the power in Cuba has instilled the idea that the United States is solely responsible for the bilateral conflict unleashed after the victory of the armed revolutionaries in 1959. The official narrative created a myth: the island as David against Goliath, an independent nation unfairly besieged by the neighboring imperial power. Under this logic, dissent becomes treason and the absolute control of the Communist Party is justified as a guarantee of sovereignty.  <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-link-cubano wp-block-embed-link-cubano\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"y02XAF3rAW\"><a href=\"https:\/\/linkcubano.com\/dictadura-cubana-partido-comunista-no-acaba-desplomarse\/\">\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 la dictadura cubana del Partido \u201cComunista\u201d no acaba de desplomarse?<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"\u00ab\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 la dictadura cubana del Partido \u201cComunista\u201d no acaba de desplomarse?\u00bb \u2014 Link Cubano\" src=\"https:\/\/linkcubano.com\/dictadura-cubana-partido-comunista-no-acaba-desplomarse\/embed\/#?secret=x1w5UCVsoW#?secret=y02XAF3rAW\" data-secret=\"y02XAF3rAW\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/>This discourse legitimized economic and political mistakes, lack of transparency, and repression of any critical voices. Discontented Cubans were stigmatized as &#8220;worms&#8221; or &#8220;traitors,&#8221; repressed, imprisoned, or pushed into exile. All in the name of a supposed socialist construction that served, above all, to perpetuate the power of a political caste.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/>But what if it were proven that Fidel Castro could have avoided the confrontation in 1959 and, instead of doing so, chose to sabotage any understanding? That hypothesis would dismantle the official narrative and show that the embargo\/blockade\/sanctions\/measures by the United States and mutual hostility were not an inevitable fate. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-4 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/>Researcher William Leogrande documented this in his article &#8220;Anger, Anti-Americanism, and the Breakdown of Cuba-U.S. Relations&#8221; and in the book Back Channel to Cuba, written with Peter Kornbluh. Let\u2019s take a look. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The first months: Rhetorical aggressiveness vs. diplomatic caution<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-5 wp-block-paragraph\">From January 1959, Fidel Castro attacked the United States in speeches blaming the northern neighbor for Cuba\u2019s 20th-century woes. Meanwhile, Washington recognized the new government and maintained a policy of cautious observation, which caused irritation in its power circles. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"580\" height=\"682\" src=\"https:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fidel.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-188\" srcset=\"http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fidel.jpeg 580w, http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fidel-255x300.jpeg 255w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">In his speeches, Fidel Castro launched attacks against the US at a time (early 1959) that could have been used for dialogue and negotiation.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/><br\/>The embassy in Havana reported that Castro&#8217;s attitude conveyed distrust and hostility. However, diplomats like Daniel M. Braddock insisted Washington sought good relations and that the Cuban leader\u2019s anti-Americanism was more populist rhetoric than real policy. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-7 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/>Even when Castro visited the United States in April 1959, Eisenhower granted him a visa despite his public hostility, warned by the CIA that denying it would only strengthen his nationalist image. U.S. diplomacy continuously chose not to confront. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1560\" height=\"876\" src=\"http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fidel-y-nixon.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-164\" srcset=\"http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fidel-y-nixon.jpeg 1560w, http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fidel-y-nixon-300x168.jpeg 300w, http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fidel-y-nixon-1024x575.jpeg 1024w, http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fidel-y-nixon-768x431.jpeg 768w, http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fidel-y-nixon-1536x863.jpeg 1536w, http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fidel-y-nixon-1080x606.jpeg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1560px) 100vw, 1560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">He was permitted entry and was received by the vice president despite recurring hostile discourse against the country.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-8 wp-block-paragraph\">Ambassador Philip Bonsal himself recommended avoiding a war of words, noting the revolution had legitimate support and historical causes. Yet rhetorical attacks from Cuba persisted. Castro avoided meeting Bonsal until September and, when he did, acknowledged perhaps he had overstepped in his criticisms. His ambassador, Ernesto Dihigo, also justified hostility as youthful enthusiasm from inexperienced officials.   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-9 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/>Washington, however, was beginning to lose patience. In November 1959, the State Department concluded that understanding was impossible: Castro deliberately fostered anti-Americanism. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Final negotiation attempts<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-10 wp-block-paragraph\">Nevertheless, Bonsal persuaded Eisenhower to try one last rapprochement. In January 1960, the president published a statement recognizing Cuba\u2019s right to apply social reforms and called for negotiation. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-11 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/>For a brief period, Castro lowered his tone. But before talks opened, Ra\u00fal Castro delivered a virulent speech at the University of Havana against the US and its 1898 role. The chance for understanding was once again frustrated by the Cuban leadership\u2019s decision.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-12 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/>Years later, in 1978, Fidel Castro admitted to diplomat Wayne Smith that he might have burned bridges too soon and acted with more aggression than necessary.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-13 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/>He said exactly:<\/p>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-14 wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIn retrospect, I see a number of things I would have done differently&#8230; Even adversaries find it useful to keep bridges between them&#8230; Perhaps I burned some of those bridges prematurely; at times I may have been harsher, more aggressive than the situation required.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-15 wp-block-paragraph\">As is known in law: confession by a party is equivalent to evidence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-16 wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-17 wp-block-paragraph\"> \u201cIn retrospect, I see a number of things I would have done differently&#8230; Even adversaries find it useful to keep bridges between them&#8230; Perhaps I burned some of those bridges prematurely; at times I may have been harsher, more aggressive than the situation required.\u201d As is known in law: confession by a party is equivalent to evidence. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Cold War\u2019s role in the Cuba vs. U.S. battle<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-18 wp-block-paragraph\">From then on, the atmosphere of distrust triggered a chain of actions and reactions that escalated to the present day. The first attacks came from Havana when Washington was still trying to negotiate. The Cuban leadership provoked and then victimized itself.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-19 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/>U.S. concern over a communist turn in Cuba was not unfounded. In 1959, anti-Batista fighters like Pedro D\u00edaz Lanz and Huber Matos already denounced that trend. In the Cold War context, the possibility of a communist government 90 miles from Florida was intolerable for Washington, which controlled anti-communist influence like Moscow in its zone.  <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"728\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/apiuvmx95__93310-1-728x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-191\" srcset=\"http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/apiuvmx95__93310-1-728x1024.jpg 728w, http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/apiuvmx95__93310-1-213x300.jpg 213w, http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/apiuvmx95__93310-1-768x1080.jpg 768w, http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/apiuvmx95__93310-1.jpg 910w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 728px) 100vw, 728px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fidel Castro initially denied being &#8220;communist&#8221; (in reality, he was neo-Stalinist) and even &#8220;resented&#8221; that accusation amid Cold War tensions. The suspicions of some Cuban Batista fighters and U.S. politicians were justified. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-20 wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-21 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/>Castro supporters often invoke the case of Jacobo Arbenz, the Guatemalan president overthrown in 1954 after land reform affecting the United Fruit Company. But conditions were not comparable: the Cuban revolution had triumphed by arms, controlled the army, and had broad popular support. The U.S., therefore, insisted on negotiation before taking drastic measures.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-22 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/>A more relevant example is L\u00e1zaro C\u00e1rdenas in Mexico. In 1938, he nationalized oil but avoided confrontation with moderate rhetoric and negotiations that allowed a settlement with Washington. Unlike Castro, C\u00e1rdenas showed no communist leanings nor nationalizations resembling confiscation.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The fallacy of inevitability<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-23 wp-block-paragraph\">Castro-populist propaganda maintains that U.S. hostility first pushed Cuba toward the USSR. However, the chronological order shows the opposite: Fidel Castro early on assumed the clash was inevitable and acted accordingly.<br\/>This binary vision \u2014 either confront the U.S. or resign to dependence \u2014 concealed intermediate, more sustainable options. There was room for gradual reforms and pragmatic negotiations, though not free from challenges. But these options didn\u2019t guarantee Castro\u2019s personal goal: consolidating power, eliminating opposition, and perpetuating himself under the excuse of an external enemy.   <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"992\" height=\"717\" src=\"https:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Fidel-y-Raul.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-193\" srcset=\"http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Fidel-y-Raul.jpg 992w, http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Fidel-y-Raul-300x217.jpg 300w, http:\/\/linkcubano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Fidel-y-Raul-768x555.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 992px) 100vw, 992px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Egotistical, megalomaniacal, despotic, and manipulative, Fidel Castro used the U.S. as a scapegoat to centralize power, perpetuate himself, and hijack the Cuban nation in the name of false socialism.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-24 wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-25 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/>Yes, Cuba needed to resolve its dependency on sugar and the U.S., along with deep social inequalities and various problems. But nothing compelled pursuing an open confrontation with the world\u2019s greatest power. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/>That political choice, not imposed by fate but largely by Fidel Castro\u2019s personality and the emboldening of the rebels \u2014 some main leaders of whom were communists (which Castro initially hid), like Che and Ra\u00fal Castro \u2014 dragged the country into an endless war shaping six decades of history.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Who loses out?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-27 wp-block-paragraph\"><font dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit\"><font dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit\">The official myth has tried to justify abuses and rights violations under the shadow of an inevitable external enemy. However, facts show that in 1959 the U.S. extended its hand repeatedly and it was Cuba, under Fidel Castro\u2019s leadership, that chose confrontation.  <\/font><\/font><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-28 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/><font dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit\"><font dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit\">As William Leogrande makes clear, it was Castro\u2019s aggressive speeches that marked the start of the conflict. Subsequent hostility was a consequence of that deliberate choice.  <\/font><\/font><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-29 wp-block-paragraph\"><br\/><font dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit\"><font dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit\">Therefore, prolonged confrontation was not inevitable. It was provoked by leadership that found external conflict the perfect excuse to consolidate power. And the Cuban people have paid, and continue to pay, the price.  <\/font><\/font><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Leogrande, William M. (2017). <em>Anger, Anti-Americanism, and the Break in U.S.-Cuban Relations<\/em>. <em>Diplomatic History<\/em>, Vol. 41, No. 1. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dh\/article\/41\/1\/104\/2669371\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dh\/article\/41\/1\/104\/2669371<\/a>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>LeoGrande, William M. &amp; Kornbluh, Peter (2014). <em>Back Channel to Cuba. The Hidden History of Negotiations between Washington and Havana<\/em>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Smith, Wayne S. (1987). <em>The Closest of Enemies: A Personal and Diplomatic Account of U.S.-Cuban Relations Since 1957<\/em>. New York, pp. 144\u2013145.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For decades, the power in Cuba has instilled the idea that the United States is solely responsible for the bilateral conflict unleashed after the victory of the armed revolutionaries in 1959. The official narrative created a myth: the island as David against Goliath, an independent nation unfairly besieged by the neighboring imperial power. Under this [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":599,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[117],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-604","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Was the Cuba vs. United States Conflict Inevitable? - Link Cubano<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The key to understanding the Cuba-United States conflict lies in the myths of propaganda. 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